Showing posts with label Dag Hammarskjöld. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Dag Hammarskjöld. Show all posts

Saturday, March 17, 2012

Road Markers

Brisbane's suburb of West End houses a wonderful little bookshop called Avid Reader. It's narrow and long, with a café towards the back and an outside area regularly used for book launches and author events. The shop has the habit of employing and so in a sense sponsoring emerging writers.

It was here that I launched my memoir The Promise of Iceland in August last year. This week I have a small piece in the March edition of the bookshop's magazine.

My piece, called 'Road Markers', is about my interest in former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld. It is printed in the Travel section and available for free here.



Friday, October 21, 2011

Hippos in the Morning: Postscript Zambia

I flew from Ndola in the Copperbelt to Livingstone, and to what suddenly seemed the extraordinary comfort of a tourist area: the town is a short cab ride from Victoria Falls, and the wider region has become one of those places where the first thing you do is choose items off brochures listing complex ways of encountering water and near-death: white water rafting, bungy jumping, helicopter sight seeing, drinking cruises, even wading, although not swimming.


I had a small chalet room on the banks of the Zambezi river, and so I opted for watching. The river passes at an unnoticeable pace, but you know that a little further down it becomes one of the largest waterfalls in the world. This gives its slowness a deliberate, stately quality: it's just waiting for the right moment. My room's extravagant mosquito net worked, so in the mornings I lay in bed with the doors wide open listening to vervet monkeys playing and the hippos barking on the Zimbabwean side. The light was thin and crisp on the edges of the tress and jetties.

One morning, I asked reception if I was really hearing hippos in the mornings. 'Which room?' she asked blithely, and then: 'We'll send someone around.' It was as though I'd told her there weren't any towels.

'No, I mean across the other side,' I replied. 'There isn't a hippo in my room.'

'Oh, good.'

The view of the river at breakfast was tranquil in a rather Australian way: already you knew that it was going to get really hot, and that the glassy surface of the river wasn't an invitation to jump in. I sat looking at it while around me a time-lapse photography of other guests came and went with plates of eggs and bacon and more or less inedible sausages: small, beefy things that tasted of old brown pudding.

I was slower to finish my coffee and also one of the few who didn't have a safari suit and a full schedule of unnatural activities involving great danger. Naturally, I felt the difference acutely, but I had also noticed that 'safari suit' was quite an expensive item on the laundry list.


In any case, I had booked this time on the Zambezi with a view to writing about Ndola. That now struck me as more or less impossible - it was too pretty to write - so I stared at the river some more and around mid-morning booked a day trip. I was going on safari!

My companions to Chobe National Park, Botswana were a Russian Mr Bean with an enormous camera and three Texans, who I think were called Bubba, John, and Lou. Mr Bean could only communicate through his camera, but to my bemusement the Texans exchanged very technical information about the animals we encountered that day - antelopes, hogs, elephants, lechwe, elephants and giraffes, hippos, crocodiles, elephants (there really were a great many elephants), etc - and then a volley of rather low grade exclamations each repeated five or six times. For example, one would exclaim that the Boss on a wilder-beast was huge, and then another would say, 'Oh yeah, that's a big one alright,' and then Lou would say, 'Oh boy, ain't he?' and then Bubba would say, 'He sure is, Mister, he's big,' and then John would add, 'That is a big one.' It was like American golf commentary gone berserk.

It went on like this all morning, so at lunch while Mr Beanovic sat quietly beside his camera I asked the Texans how they came to know so much about the animals. Were they farmers? There was some awkwardness about my question, and then finally Bubba confessed, 'We're hunters.' Today was their last day, a rest day when they watched instead of shot.

Later we got onto the topic of work. I told them I was a writer and an academic, and they took this kindly. 'What's your line?' I asked. The same awkwardness followed. 'We're in oil,' John said at last.


'Aren't you glad I'm not from Greenpeace!' I exclaimed.

They took my joke in their stride - it had come out involuntarily and I felt a bit rude about it - and after lunch we had a lovely afternoon watching still more hundreds of wonderful elephants grazing on one of the few areas here that remains wet in September, the driest and worst time of the year for wildlife. The Texans continued to exclaim, Mr Bean's camera nearly drove me mad, and it got so hot that the lining of my shoes began to peel off. My shoe salesperson had told me they were endorsed by Bear Grills.

I played with the lining, and then got some perspective. I was on safari in Africa, for heaven's sakes. Who cares about the lining of your shoes.

And yet I hadn't come for this safari experience: in fact, all my research goals were squarely human ones. But, actually, being surrounded by such diversity of wildlife - even in the company of those who fancied it hung in their snooker rooms - altered my perspective of the days before, in Lusaka and Ndola, where the travel had been harder. It was something to do with beauty, or the way we recognise it: as in Ndola, where I had been unexpectedly moved by the local adoption of Hammarskjöld, I felt again like I was encountering a kind of beauty that was at once new to me and radically free of me. I wondered whether there was, after all, such a thing as objective beauty?

At six, I said goodbye to Sergei and my Texan companions, and got back to the chalet thirsty and over-hot. I had allowed myself two bottles of Mosi beer a night, with the idea that modest drinking would sponsor better writing. But that night I ordered a third and began to write more fluently about the days that had passed in the Copperbelt, where it was drier and less comfortable and where there were no hippos in the morning or safari suits, but where I had encountered something of great beauty as well.




 

Thursday, September 22, 2011

Road Marking #10: Ndola

On Sunday 18 September, the community of Ndola commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the plane crash that killed Dag Hammarskjöld and his UN team of 15 others in bushland some ten miles from the town.

Also present at the commemoration were the Vice-President of Zambia, the Foreign Minister of Sweden, the Swedish Ambassador in Zambia, and a distinguished array of military, civil, and community leaders. My seat was between the Generals and the District Commissioners. At least one of the local witnesses of the crash also attended, an old man who had been 25 when a friend had dragged him to the site. I spoke to him at some length, and will write more about that another time.

My favourite participant was Richard Hanguwa, site manager who was also MC for the day. Richard and I had met the day before, when he showed me around the site and let me in on the preparations. The commemoration had long been on people's minds, but in the end was something of a last-minute thing. It was to be a Zambian affair - they had taken owenership, as they say - with the Swedes and the UN in support roles.

While I was there, the tents arrived, the advance parties arrived, the police and security forces plotted out their plan for the next day, and then the hundreds of chairs arrived. At least 1000 locals would attend. Richard and I watched from the sheltered seats on top of the ant hill where Dag Hammarskjöld's body was found. The first President of Zambia used to sit here to think. Then we were joined by the UN Press Officer in Zambia, and the three of us gossiped and thought about the plan for the next day and for the future of not only the Dag Hammarskjöld memorial, but the small community of villages and farms that has come to be attached to it. After all the dignitaries had left, the 1000 locals would hold their own, informal commemoration. They would wander the site for an hour after the VIPs had gone.

The Dag Hammarskjöld Institute for Peace Studies, currently located at Copperbelt University in Kitwe, will soon be relocated to the site, and not far from here are the new campus of Northrise University and the brand new Ndola football stadium. Two schools are located next to the site. On the commemoration day, children from these schools stole the show, especially the youngest troop who, dressed in Swedish colours, sang:

For the love you showed for humanity, Daggy Hammarskjöld we love you
For the hope you gave to humanity, Daggy Hammarskjöld we love you
We want to thank you (thank you)
We want to thank you (thank you)
Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you...

They made me cry, and I found it a little hard to listen to politicians after they had finished. But the Swedish Foreign Minister was good. You felt that for the Zambians, this was in some part their crash. Yes, they did own it, in a way, and the Swedish partnership in the commemoration would always have its base in Uppsala. I must admit I too felt his presence more there than I did in Ndola.

The crash came three years before Zambian independence from Britain, and it helped Zambians frame independence in terms of Hammarskjöld's quest for peace in Africa, and in neighbouring Congo in particular. But the Foreign Minister reminded us that at the time of his death Hammarskjöld had been fighting two battles, one for peace in Congo and the other for the survival of the United Nations, at the time facing enormous pressure because of the Cold War.

I thought he could have added that there was, for Hammarskjöld, always a third battle, one witnessed by Markings. But I don't suppose this was the time to mention Hammarskjöld's silent inner conflicts. And maybe that was why the children's choir affected me so much: there was a pitch to their voices that recognised and matched that third battle, and acknowledged the contemplative side of a man who accused himself of doubts that he could never show the world.

I hope in his final moments in the bushland outside Ndola he allowed himself some peace from those doubts.

A choir from the Dag Hammarskjöld Community School
HRH Chief Mumena, Chair of the National Heritage Conservation Cmn

After the commemoration, locals inspect the memorial

Others inspect me

Steps that mark the spot where Hammarskjöld's body was found



 

Wednesday, September 14, 2011

Road Marking #9: Lusaka

Yesterday afternoon, after a long flight from Bangkok, I had one of those incredible first taxi rides in a new country, when you can’t quite connect yourself to the experience, or relate it to anything you’ve done before. 

The airport road:


But I was lucky. I had a driver who drew me into the world. He talked me through our sights all the way into town -- pointed out the plane delivering ballot boxes and observers for the election on Tuesday, the University of Zambia, the road to the President's house. He said it wasn’t any fun to walk along the airport road, because it’s so straight. You feel like you’re never getting there. Plenty were walking along it, though.

'What if I was walking along it?' I asked.

'I would stop and tell you to get a cab,' he replied. He then instructed me on the coming election. 'You're not here to help us with it, are you?'

'No, no, I'm not here for the election.'

It was on everyone’s minds. His own concern was that the two main candidates were too old. He wanted a young man in charge, like Barack Obama. Here a very big version of one of the posters that are everywhere:


I saw this poster on Church Road, where my odd but charming hotel is also located. Everything seems to look okay if you don’t touch it, then it comes off the wall. Church Road brought me onto Cairo Road, the main street in Lusaka. My guidebook had made me a little spooked about this area, but in fact it was gorgeous, with end of day busyness mixing across small groups who were standing, talking, watching (rather intently) what seemed to be the only tourist walking among them that afternoon.

And the light, ashen gold I suppose you could call it, the dirty red of the footpaths and roads lifted into an urban sunset.




When I got back to the hotel, I adopted again what may end up being my default mode for between-walks, and as in Bangkok I made meaningful the otherwise unfulfilled life of a local by asking them to take my picture.




 

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Road Marking #8

August 24, 1961 is the date of Hammarskjöld's final entry in Markings, and like most of the entries for 1961 this one is a poem. Here is the second verse:

I awoke
To an ordinary morning with grey light
Reflected from the street,
But still remembered
The dark-blue night
Above the tree-line,
The open moor in moonlight,
The crest in shadow.
Remembered other dreams
Of the same mountain country:
Twice I stood on its summits,
I stayed by its remotest lake,
and followed the river
Towards its source.
The seasons have changed
And the light
And the weather
And the hour.
But it is the same land.
And I begin to know the map
And to get my bearings.

(Markings, p. 181)

Many of the themes of the collection as a whole are gathered in this verse: the night and its dreams can take you back to a landscape where you felt a greater sense of belonging, but out of that projection back comes a more acute sense of isolation and uncertainty about life as it goes on in the present moment. The country that features in your dreams 'is the same land' - it has remained in place for you - but it is also remote. In a dream, you get your 'bearings', while outside there is the 'ordinary morning with grey light / Reflected from the street'. 

One hopes that the dream and the street outside are related. As Auden writes in the foreword to the collection, Markings witnesses an 'attempt by a professional man of action to unite in one life the Via Activa and the Via Contemplativa'. And perhaps after all the 'map' exists both in your dreams and when you rejoin the outside; it becomes one form taken by the road markers that lie between action and contemplation.


(This post is part of a series of "markings" made in the lead-up to a trip I am making to Zambia in September to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Dag Hammarskjöld death in a plane crash in Ndola in 1961. Other posts in the series can be found here.)

Saturday, August 6, 2011

Road Marking #7

Hammarskjöld's entry in Markings for 6 August 1961 - the second last entry in the journal - is a poem about Poughkeepsie in New York State, where in summers he hired the house of Swedish journalist Einar Thulin.

The meadow's massive
Green wave rises
Over the rolling ridge,
Crested with the white foam
Of a thousand oxeye daisies
Which blush
As the midsummer sun
Sets scarlet
In a haze of heat
Over Poughkeepsie.


Seven weeks have gone by,
Seven kinds of blossom
Have been picked or moved,
Now the leaves of the Indian corn grow broad,
And its cobs make much of themselves,
Waxing fat and fertile.
Was it here,
Here, that paradise was revealed
For one brief moment
On a night in midsummer?

(Markings, p. 180)

It's a beautiful poem in its own right, but I am also reminded of Hammarskjöld's last essay, "Castle Hill", which he was working on in the weeks before his death. The essay is a study of the seasons in his hometown Uppsala, and the poem shares with that work the commingling of visual impressions with a sense of the fragility of time: across the summer there is but "one brief moment" when the oxeye daisies, "the seven kinds of blossom", and the Indian corn offer both a perfect presence and a sense of their transience. (See here for my earlier discussion of the essay.)

But what I like most about the poem is what it reveals about his last summer, and that on at least one day he was returned to that magical feeling, one we experience perhaps more often in youth, of paradise in the everyday.

Tuesday, August 2, 2011

Road Marking #6

Another day and another marking on the figurative road to Ndola. Below is part of the entry in Dag Hammarskjöld's Markings for 2 August 1961, 50 years ago today:

Forgive
My doubt,
My anger,
My pride.

(Markings, p. 178)

It seems typical of inspiring figures to question themselves in this way - a person who shows such resolve, moderation and humility will accuse himself of the opposite. A truly proud person, of course, never would.


Saturday, July 30, 2011

Road Marking #5

Dag Hammarskjöld's entry in his journal Markings for 30 July 1961 is a study of loneliness, one of the recurring themes of the collection.

The poet wakes to "the scream / That had woken me up", a scream that is witnessed by a man who is keeping watch and who is "floating / Like a drowned man / In the dark depths of the sea" but who can't solve the poet's central question:

Who the quarry,
Who the silent hunter
Over the sea of mist
Among the black trees,
Long before dawn?

(Markings, p. 177)

What is the object of loneliness? Who is in a position to identify one's loneliness, and so possibly take it away? It seems from this poem that, in Hammarskjöld's conception, the subject and object of loneliness are to some extent inseparable. The scream in the night comes from without, but can only be figured as the hunter and the hunted that both exist within.


(This post is part of a series of "markings" made in the lead-up to a trip I am making to Zambia in September to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Dag Hammarskjöld death in a plane crash in Ndola in 1961. Other posts in the series can be found here.)

Friday, July 22, 2011

Road Marking #4

"So let us here resolve that Dag Hammarskjold did not live, or die, in vain."

This, the request made by John F. Kennedy to the UN General Assembly on 25 September 1961, a week after the news had come in that the Secretary-General was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia, what is now northern Zambia. Kennedy urged the Assembly to rally, for in the UN lay "the only true alternative to war". He continued,

This will require new strength and new roles for the United Nations. For disarmament without checks is but a shadow - and a community without law is but a shell. Already the United Nations has become both the measure and the vehicle of man's most generous impulses. Already it has provided - in the Middle East, in Asia, in Africa this year in the Congo - a means of holding man's violence within bounds.

It was Hammarskjold's personal intervention in Congo – then, with a break-away republic of Katanga threatening Congo’s independence and stability, at the very centre of Cold War tensions – that led indirectly to his death. UN forces operating in the southern Congolese province of Katanga (under Conor Cruise O’Brien) had engaged in military action against a Congolese break-away army serving General Tsombé and backed by Belgian interests. The military engagement expressed, albeit in an unwanted way, the increasingly interventionist nature of UN involvement in the area and the role of the UN more generally. It also necessitated Hammarskjold's presence on the ground – he was the man behind the UN’s new approach, and the situation in Congo had come to symbolise his style as Secretary-General. His purpose now was to arrange a ceasefire between UN troops and Tsombé, and he was on his way to Katanga when, a few minutes before his scheduled landing in Ndola, the UN plane clipped the tree canopy and crashed.

The events that night came at the end of what was already a long history of conflict in the Congo, a history that of course continues unabated fifty years later (the UN is still heavily involved). Here is a timeline of some of the most significant events in the area in the lead-up to Hammarskjold's decision to go to Congo in mid-September 1961.

30 June 1960: The independent Republic of Congo is declared.

11 July 1960: Katanga, a region in the southeast of Congo, declares itself an independent state.

Dec 1960: The Prime Minister of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, is captured and held prisoner in Katanga.

13 February 1961: The Katanga Minister of the Interior announces the death of President Lumumba.

14 February: The Soviet Union calls for the resignation of Dag Hammarskjold as Secretary-General.

21 February: The UN Security Council
authorises the use of force in Congo as a last resort to prevent civil war. Hammarskjold sees the role of the UN in Congo as encouraging national reconciliation and eliminating foreign interference in Katanga.

April: The UN Operation in Congo intervenes to control the area between Kabalo and Albertville. Hammarskjold appoints Conor Cruise O’Brien, a member of the Irish Foreign Service and later editor of the London Observer, as the UN representative in Katanga. As Brian Urquhart later wrote, “Hammarskjold did not know O’Brien but had read and liked his Maria Cross, a series of essays on a group of French and English Catholic writers.” (Urquhart, Hammarskjold, Bodley Head, 1972, p.549 - this is my source for much of the information in this timeline)

12 May: President Kasa-Vubu of Congo announces the intention to reconvene Parliament.

30 May: Hammarskjold delivers a lecture at Oxford University - "The International Civil Servant in Law and Fact". This is his last major public address, and is read as a defence of his personal integrity and neutrality in the office of Secretary-General (in particular against attacks on him by the Soviet Union).

June: O'Brien takes up his post as the UN representative in Katanga, arriving on 14 June. O’Brien attempts to rid the area of its large number of European mercenaries.

July: Congo Parliament reopens. A new government in Belgium signals a possible weakening of Belgian antipathy towards the UN. Hammarskjold is asked by staff in Congo whether they may attempt a military takeover of Katanga. He refuses. However, he does permit O’Brien to adopt “more stringent methods” (Urquhart, p. 552) – arrests and expulsions.

August: A government is formed by Prime Minister Adoula, which the UN recognises and which paves the way for the UN to demand the expulsion of the foreign elements within Congo that are disrupting its progress towards being an independent democracy, and for a possible downscaling of the UN presence in Congo.

16 August: Hammarskjold is informed by the Congolese government that action is needed on Katanga in order to maintain stability and unity in the new Cabinet. Hammarskjold has indicated he is prepared to go to Congo if needed. He gives “instructions that all possible efforts short of the use of military force must be made to remove European officers from the mobile units in North Katanga.” (Urquhart, p. 554) He also strengthens the UN military presence in Katanga.

O’Brien, who has been attempting to get Tsombe into talks with Adoula, is quoted in the international press as saying he will undertake military action against the Katangese breakaway forces.

28 August: O’Brien succeeds in arresting  81 foreign officers.

September: Hammarskjold becomes more concerned about the position of UN people in Katanga, and the need for decisions to be made with his authorization. With tensions between O’Brien and Katangese military officers rising, it is increasingly likely that matters will play out on their own terms. It also becomes clear that Hammarskjold needs to visit Leopoldville and possibly also Katanga in order to diffuse the hostilities.

10 September: O’Brien’s assistant, Tombelaine, is arrested and then released. Hammarskjold prepares to leave for the Congo, telling “Mongi Slim that this would be his last personal effort to solve the Katanga problem and that if he failed he would be unable to remain as Secretary-General and had decided to resign.” (Urquhart, p. 565)

*

I will pick up this timeline in a later post. But first a link to my previous one, which was on the topic of the relation between contemplation and action. In one of his last letters, to the Swedish lyrical poet J. Erik Lindegren, Hammarskjold wrote this on what he thought was an illusory idea of "poetry in action":

We all remain free to form our personal life in accordance with standards which otherwise may find expression in poetry. But obligation to action, especially in the political field, is more of a danger than of a privilege. (Qtd in Urquhart, p. 544)

I doubt that he was concerned about the danger to himself. But on the eve of his flight to Congo he must have been very aware of the acute hazards involved in his participation: it seemed that every action now brought only more danger for those involved. In many ways, the challenge lay in convincing people to stop acting.

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

Road Marking #3

Dag Hammarskjöld's Markings witnesses a spiritual and contemplative journey that the author began long before and then in tandem with his travels from Stockholm to New York to become UN Secretary-General, and subsequently throughout a world in conflict as a very visible "man of peace", as he is sometimes figured.

It is clear from Markings that Hammarskjöld did not separate his commitment to God from his commitment to humanity, and so it's no wonder that he died with copies of both the UN Charter and the New Testament in his hand luggage. Hammarskjöld's twin perspective - public/interventionist and spiritual/contemplative - is one of the reasons he so fascinates me. I am very interested in the relation between contemplation and action: how we come to occupy these realms at different moments in our lives, and how we move between them.

It is a relation that can also be understood as a dialogue between strength and humility. Hammarskjöld himself once touched on this through his understanding of the different qualities his parents had given him:

From generations of soldiers and government officials on my father's side I inherited a belief that no life was more satisfactory than one of selfless service to your country - or humanity. This service required a sacrifice of all personal interests, but likewise the courage to stand up unflinchingly for your convictions. From scholars and clergymen on my mother's side, I inherited a belief that, in the very radical sense of the Gospels, all men were equals as children of God, and should be met and treated by us as our masters in God. 

A marking in the road: fifty years ago exactly, on 19 July 1961, Hammarskjöld wrote a prayer/poem that included these lines:

Have mercy
Upon our efforts,
That we
Before Thee
In love and in faith,
Righteousness and humility,
May follow Thee,
With self-denial, steadfastness and courage,
And meet Thee
In the silence.


Out of the steadfastness of living comes the possibility of silence, action in fact leading the way to a certain kind of inner clarity. But the spirit and the wordly self have to understand one another, they have to meet.

Thursday, July 14, 2011

Road Marking #2

"All real living is meeting."
                        - Martin Buber, I and Thou (1923)


Hammarskjöld was translating Buber's Ich und Du, a German philosophical work about relationships, in the weeks before his death. He had his translation with him, as well as an English edition of the work, during his final flight to Ndola.

I expect the English version was the 1957 Ronald Gregor Smith translation (reprinted by Continuum, 2004) that I bought this morning, and which I read over a coffee in one of the new cafes in King George Square. And although I am only just now beginning my first reading of this work, I can't help but underline the quoted sentence above as a kind of topic sentence for my coming trip to Ndola: we travel in order to meet, and in this sense travel often brings us closer to real living:

All real travel is meeting.

Wednesday, July 6, 2011

Road Marking #1

In September I'm making a trip to Ndola in Zambia. My visit is timed to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of Dag Hammarskjold's death in a plane crash there - or just 10km outside Ndola. I'm doing some research on the life of Hammarskjold for a book, and of course I'd like to see where he died. And, for a reason not entirely clear to myself, I'd like to visit the site on the anniversary of the crash.

In the weeks leading up to that journey, I will post some road markers on this blog, or mementos from the final weeks of his life. The first comes from his July 6, 1961 entry in Markings, his journal of reflections that was published in Swedish as Vagmarken, or Road Markers, in 1963, and later translated into English by the poet W H Auden, like Hammarskjold a hero of mine.

Here is a part of the poem that Hammarskjold wrote fifty years ago today:

Tired
And lonely,
So tired
The heart aches.
Meltwater trickles
Down the rocks
The fingers are numb,
The knees tremble.
It is now,
Now, that you must not give in.


On the path of others
Are resting places,
Places in the sun
Where they can meet.
But this
Is your path,
And it is now,
Now, that you must not fail.

(Markings, p. 175)

I suppose I am hoping to "meet" Hammarskjold in Ndola, or at least meet something that he left there. Unlike him, I am not an accomplished mountain walker, but I think I understand the metaphor in verse one about climbing, or holding on when the knees tremble. I'm sure we all do. And I very much like the idea of encountering other walkers' resting places, even if it is only for a moment, before you eventually have to make the track your own.

Friday, June 24, 2011

A ticket to Zambia

It isn't all that long ago that tickets were printed on something like sixduplicate sheets of carbon paper. I am worried that sixduplicate is an invented word, but I'll stick with it for now.

There was a very specific moment when each of the carbon copies could be ripped out, and I remember travelling with the dim apprehension that I would accidentally rip one out and be stranded in some malicious stop-over point between London and Sydney. Changes were written with extreme care and in mysterious code over tippex dabbled (I know, not a word either) on each of the sheets.

It really isn't long ago that this was standard, and yet these printed airline tickets already seem impossibly clumsy, quaint objects. But they held such magic. You kept them for years, because they were worth keeping - in a shoe box filled with postcards, concert stubs, museum catalogues, and badly folded maps. Tickets were just as specific to each journey as these other markers.

An e-ticket is still a ticket; and in fact just as exciting, even if it arrives by email and you print it out yourself on the K-Block Level 3 printer called FAC-12.

The e-ticket still holds the same promise, the same beckoning. It says you are going somewhere you haven't been before. What a promise that is! And that you will be tired, jet-lagged, smelling of too much "Tester" aftershave, burdened with a bottle of scotch you don't normally drink and don't really like, overfed with plane food, desperate for your hotel room, and yet awake in a way that only the novelty of travel allows you to be awake.

It says you're really doing it. You're really going to Zambia.

Thursday, September 23, 2010

Castle Hill

Dag Hammarskjöld's last essay, "Castle Hill", was written in New York in 1960, and travelled with him during his final diplomatic mission, to Congo in 1961. On the night of his death on 17 September 1961, he left the typed manuscript with his belongings in Leopoldville, while the work he gave himself to do on his last flight (to the Northern Rhodesian town of Ndola) was his Swedish translation of the 1923 German philosophical text Ich und Du.

Hammarskjöld was by work and intellectual disposition an internationalist: he spoke several languages fluently, he was greatly admired by people from many different nationalities, and he excelled as a diplomat - his quiet, sometimes awkward style was paradoxically rather good for someone who had to adapt to a wide range of situations. People liked and trusted him.

But, all the same, I think it's fitting that his final written work was about home, and that during the last days of his life he had with him on a manuscript about his childhood. In a sense, he was travelling back to his hometown of Uppsala the moment he left New York with his copy of "Castle Hill" - writing his way home.

The essay is organised around the seasons, and begins in June, when the students are away and the town is temporarily given over to large families, old ladies, and the park bands that keep them entertained. In early autumn, the banquet hall of Uppsala Castle appears, and now becomes a fully-developed part of the story of the town, rather morbidly as well: it is a catacomb:

I remember it deserted. The summer lingered on in the smell of sun-dried wood from huge rafters. In the high window embrasures you could find, in the September sun, the feather-light bodies of swifts that had flown in by mistake during the games and chases of June and had never found their way back.

There is a famous Anglo-Saxon text about life and death that compares life to the bird that for a fleeting moment flies into the banqueting hall before once again returning the cold outside. In Hammarskjöld’s re-working of the theme, the swifts have perished in the hall, and yet returning is one of Hammarskjöld’s main themes. In a way, it’s a theme for all university towns, where students return year after year. But, as a royal town, Uppsala yearns for another return, to grander times: when the weather conspires to remind the town of its former days of glory, there are traces of the Vasa dynasty that made a regal home within the red-walled Castle on the hill:

The higher the snowdrifts piled up on the north side, the greater the distance seemed to be to the town, the more stubbornly the red Vasa walls towered and the deeper became the blue of the night perspective in the old state apartments, where modern furnishing vanished in the gloom. The winter restored the Castle to its days of greatness.

And, during the spring graduations, the university town is where, in old age, former students reassess their lives:

In the afternoon you can see them—the jubilee doctor, still with the laurel wreath on his brow, and the young one who has just received his degree and is looking forward to his lectureship. There are fifty years between them. One goes over the hill in order to see, once more before leaving, the town where he has spent many a long year laying the foundation of his life’s work. The other, about to encounter the town of his youth, measures the distance between what he once hoped for and what he achieved. How many return as victors?

Perhaps the answer lies with the swifts, which, if not returning as victors, are at least allowed to pass their final days in the old banqueting hall.

Tuesday, July 20, 2010

Travel Diary 19 July 2010: Uppsala

Hammarskjöld was raised in this ordered and lively, small-scale world. It is a town that must have fortified him later, when he was immersed in whole-of-world affairs, and when his job was to bring order and fresh, sane eyes – through organizational charts and diplomacy – to international conflicts.


Hammarskjöld's organization sketch for the UN presence in Congo (left), alongside Brian Urquhart's transcription (centre) and the clean copy (right)

*
As a boy, he walked from the Castle – his father Hjalmar’s residence as Governor – along what is now Dag Hammarskjöld väg to Katedralskolan, a State Gymnasium that, like so many public buildings here, presents a wide, classical façade of pale walls and tall, dark-framed windows. Beneath his home on Castle Hill were the Cathedral, the University and famous Carolina Rediviva Library, and a grid of slim streets of apartments and university offices that occupied the flats along the shallow Fyrisån river, at the end of almost every street forded by a pedestrian bridge, as though the town resists the channelling of traffic, and insists on parallels.

That was his start, every morning and into adulthood: a sane and becalmed community layered over a regal Viking past (the mounds of Gamla Uppsala are only ten minutes’ bike ride away) and the measured, methodological radicalism of intellectual life. The other great Uppsala modern is Carl von Liné, a hero of Hammarskjöld’s and the seventeenth-century founder of botanical taxonomy, the genus-species system that we all learn at school. And that, really, is Uppsala all over: there is no need to tame nature if you can adequately describe it. Systems don’t necessarily limit creativity and freedom; sometimes, systems free us up.

At the cemetery where Hammarkjöld is buried, you find him framed by another of the systems that, at best, enables rather than restricts: the family plot, guarded over by Hjalmar’s great, rough-edged headstone – Dag’s father was Prime Minister of Sweden before becoming Governor here – is a reminder not only of Dag’s self-made position in Sweden, but that he attained that position in part because of privilege. Diplomacy, after all, is a noble art. And, again, you find yourself inverting your basic views, in this case the view that privilege is always wrong, because in Hammarskjöld’s case it provided the basis of sophistication and calm in the face of the great pressures that came later.

I haven’t travelled widely in Sweden, but despite its wealth, I doubt that even Sweden is everywhere as prosperous and handsome as Uppsala. Locals joke that it is the city of eternal youth, and this holds true even in summer, when the students are back home. I had to buy myself a new shirt today, and my shop assistant, a local and a student at the University, said the town was much busier in winter. I asked her what she knew about Hammarskjöld. “We learnt about him when I was – oh, I don’t know – ten maybe. But to be honest, when I hear the name Hammarskjöld I think of the main road. That’s terrible really, isn’t it?”

Well, at least it’s a long, straight road that leads to a marina and a small, pebble beach on Lake Mälaren, where on a hot day I find a dozen or so families with small barbecues and fold-out chairs. Across the lake to the south is Stockholm, where Hammarskjöld joined public life after his years in Uppsala. The water in the lake is brown, but when you're in it almost the colour of a deep Shiraz wine, and much warmer than you expect this far north. Girls with flushed cheeks and their pale fathers bob in the deeper water, while I hop back onto the pontoon to find my bag and a drink.

There are no tourists at the lake, and few in the town, either – at Uppsala Castle, the twice-daily tour won’t start unless we have at least three takers, and that in the end is all we get. “Are you not part of the bus tour route?” I ask. “Apparently not,” replies my guide, “and if you’re into castles, there are much bigger ones in Stockholm. That’s why we have to wait until we get three customers before we do the tour – it’s too expensive to run for only one or two.”

But what about Hammarskjöld? No, she hadn’t even heard of him before she came to work in the Castle. Another confirmation that he is being forgotten, and that his quiet style, however much it achieved during his period as Secretary-General, has slipped beyond the flow of more recent currents.

In the Castle basement, the Peace Museum commemorates his career with a few of his personal items – school exercise books, his pipe, photographs he took during his mountaineering – and with a timeline of his career at the UN. I startled the two young assistants by asking to buy half a dozen books. “Yes, yes, of course,” said one, totting up the amounts on her mobile phone while the young man by her side searched for the “böcker” button on the cash register. When I asked to pay by credit card, the poor things became quite panicked, and the unearthing of Swedish notes began.

I asked again about Hammarskjöld’s place in the cultural memory when I visited the Foundation named in his honour. Mie-Na Srien, an intern from Seattle, told me that she’d quit her accounting job at KPMG because of Markings – it had affected her in something like the way it did me twenty ago. But this kind of immediate influence seems rare these days. Dorrit Alopaeus Ståhl, Senior Coordinator at the Foundation, said that few Swedes of my generation would know who Hammarkjöld was, even here in Uppsala. “But isn’t he thought of as the Kennedy of Sweden?” I asked. “Yes, he was,” replied Dorrit.

I was seated in the airy, book-lined reception room. Outside, the bright Swedish sky was blue enough for even an Australian, and a breeze found its way through translucent, IKEA curtains. While we spoke Dorrit collected pamphlets and articles about Hammarskjöld. “Have you read this one?” she would ask. “No, not yet.” Pause. “Well, I’ll add it to your pile, then.” I felt like I was calling in on someone in an Austen novel: seemingly, there would always be someone ready waiting in the drawing room. Their sympathy for Hammarskjöld was immediate, almost spiritual.

Dorrit and Mie-Na offered to show me the seminar room upstairs. “Something magical happens when people gather here,” she said, as we entered. “Suddenly, everyone talks.” It was a well-practiced line, but I had no trouble believing it. Uppsala. An orderly, energetic room, furnished barely in that northern, Lutheran way with timber chairs and tables, a side table with a tablecloth of pamphlets, and again those tall windows with skirts of white, breezy linen.

But the highlight for me was in the next room along, where there hung a portrait of Hammarskjöld. “This was the first portrait Bo did of Hammarskjöld,” said Dorrit, “in preparation for the main one. They have that one in the UN in New York. But we think this one is better. It catches the liveliness in his eyes. Sometimes he could look so sombre.” “It’s wonderful,” I replied, “quite playful.” The three of us pondered the portrait a little longer, and then Dorrit said, “I will take a picture of you with it.”

Tomorrow I fly to Iceland, and leave a town that has affected me like none I can think of since I first saw Florence. Like that moment twenty years ago, when I look at this place I feel like I’m looking at a living portrait, an exquisite study: the preparatory sketch for a final version I don’t ever expect to see.




Uppsala Castle


The banquet hall, where Hammarskjöld would play tennis


A photograph of Hammarskjöld exhibited in the Peace Museum


The imposing Hjalmar Hammarskjöld headstone, with Dag beneath


Swimmers at Lake Målaren


Looking towards the Viking burial mounds at Gamla Uppsala (top left of picture)


The Fyrisån river


The cathedral, where Hammarskjöld's funeral was held (I am writing this post in the bar at the cathedral's feet)

Monday, July 12, 2010

Travel Diary 12 July 2010

I am writing this on the train to Leeds, where I am presenting a paper at the International Medieval Congress, this year is on the theme of travel in the Middle Ages. As a boy, when I used to travel along this line to visit relatives in Doncaster, you knew you were in Yorkshire when you smelt coal. Those days are long past, and we whistle past a smokeless, green landscape.


This morning, I spent the last few hours of my flight listening to Bach concertos and watching the protracted dawn of the flight from east to west. The slow sunrise was at its most magnificent as we flew over Russia, but I also got a thrill when our flight path took us past Malmo and the southern Swedish coastline of Dag Hammarskjold's summer holidays. I glimpsed the beaches through a low cloud ridged like a glacier. The beach, the ocean, and the ice seemingly always co-present in Scandinavia, even in mid-summer.

The in-flight entertainment included a two-part travel programme by Kevin McLoud, the presenter of the British show Grand Designs - a favourite of mine (Slumming It, Channel 4). He transposed the format of the Grand Designs show onto experiences of the Mumbai slums, and Dharavi in particular - where he lived for a week - with mixed success.


In Grand Designs, McLeod usually holds out reservations about a build until the last few minutes of the show, when he generally comes around to the design, or at least tries to meet it half way. The opening (and supposedly flawed) premise of the Mumbai show was that architects (and Prince Charles) think that the slums in Dharavi have a sense of community now lost in the developed world. McLoud, as usual, began by expressing reservations. But while he did like aspects of the slums - indeed, the community feeling he had come to find - he never really managed to meet the English architectural community half-way; the dirt and hardships of the slums affected him too deeply. His horror at what he saw dominated his account, and so the programme became hostage to his disgust.


I hope I can be permitted a little boast, even after I have been harsh about Slumming It. Last week I won a Dean's teaching award for my work in my three Creative Writing subjects, a very satisfying moment for me after a big semester of teaching. Here I am accepting the award from the Dean, Sue Street, and the Assistant-Dean of teaching and learning for the Faculty, Christina Hong-Joe:

Next stop, Leeds.

Wednesday, June 30, 2010

The Pink Castle of Uppsala



In an earlier post, I mentioned that I had, during a conference banquet last year, found myself eating in Hammarskjöld's tennis court.

"Until fairly recently," the maitre-d' and toastmaster said, "this banqueting hall was in something of a sorry state. It had been allowed to become a store room. The Governor of the Uppsala district resided in the Castle, and had cleared a space amid all the Stately junk for his son to play tennis.

"His son was Dag Hammarskjöld, who would go on to become the second UN Secretary-General."

After our lecture, and a formal welcome from a withered, quiet Mayor of Uppsala (who didn't live in the Castle), we were introduced to a section of one of the university male choirs - perhaps elements of the famous Orphei Dränger, I shall have to find out. Perhaps not. But they wore nineteenth-century uniforms, and bounced while they sang, rather as the Swedish language bounces while it is being spoken.

(The end of conference entertainment couldn't have been any more different from that of the opening ceremony, when we got traditional Swedish cow-herding songs. Traditional in this case meant a high-pitched scream (to attract the cows), and although the singer had generously warned us that she would scream during the song, all three hundred participants in the conference nevertheless jumped visibly.)

Back in the banqueting hall, the highlight of the choir's performance came when the singers broke up and serenaded one lucky girl at each of the long benches. Sitting next to me was a Norwegian friend who attracted the notice of one of the singers, and so I was made to witness the serenade intimately from behind his pony tail, which bounced from beneath his student cap in rhythm with his delicate love song. The song was, by now, being delivered at various corners of the hall, and all but the most obvious harmonies were lost. But I could see that my Norwegian friend didn't care.

Monday, June 28, 2010

Re-reading


This is the cover of my edition of Markings, the 1964 translation of Hammarskjöld's Vägmärken.

I got the book nearly twenty years ago, in Christmas 1991 (yes, written on the first page), at the end of my first year of university and thirty years after Hammarskjöld's death in a plane crash in 1961. I have been searching my mind for the precise details of how I came across the book, but I think it has something to do with Molly Jónsson, a friend of my mother's who had been involved as a cleric in the British investigation into the 1961 plane crash. I suspect she introduced me to both Hammarskjöld and the terrible circumstances of his death.

By the time I released a music CD a year later, the book had become so important to me that I (rather earnestly) had my photo taken with it for the inside sleeve of the CD cover. Part of my rediscovery of the book all this time later is the pleasant mystery of why I was so drawn to it in the first place.

We learn a lot about ourselves by looking over our past reading. It is a kind of time travel, where the destination is not so much the reconstruction of a past existence, but of a past sensibility. How did I approach this book? What did I know as I read it? What did it teach me? What I would like most, is to recapture the moment when I am bowled over by this text, and feel it like a new song, and not as a revisit accompanied by a more knowing distance.

Wednesday, June 23, 2010

Looking for Dag Hammarskjöld

With my marking for the semester all done, I have a chance to get underway on my next major project, on the life of Dag Hammarskjöld, a hero to me and many others. I will be travelling through his upbringing in Uppsala, his career as a diplomat and the second UN Secretary General (from 1953-61), and his thoughts as we find them in essays, speeches, and the deeply personal reflections of Markings, a book of aphorisms published after his death, and later translated into English by Leif Sjoberg and W H Auden.

Hammarskjöld died, aged 56, in a plane crash in northern Rhodesia on 17th September 1961. This project will eventually take me to the site of the crash in Zambia, and to the Congo Republic, where he was heavily involved in the months leading to his death. There is a memorial marking the site of the crash - it lies 10km from Ndola in the Ndola West Forest Reserve, and has UNESCO World Heritage listing.

Other important compass points in his life include New York, which he saw as a second home; Geneva, the second home of the UN; Korea and China, which were at the centre of his early successes in the UN; Egypt and Israel, which clashed during the 1956 Suez Crisis; and Lebanon, which sought UN assistance in 1958. I will begin, though, in July with his birthplace and final resting place, Uppsala.

For the life of the project, I will be posting about Hammarskjöld, his career, and his writing. For anyone interested in following my progress, there is now a Dag Hammarskjöld label in the right-hand navigation bar of this blog.

For an opening quote, here some remarks he made 55 years ago, in June 1955, on the tenth anniversary of the UN:

Politics and diplomacy are no play of will and skill where results are independent of the character of those engaging in the game. Results are determined not by superficial ability but by the consistency of the actors in their efforts and by the validity of their ideals. Contrary to what seems to be popular belief there is no intellectual activity which more ruthlessly tests the solidity of a man than politics. Apparently easy successes with the public are possible for a juggler, but lasting results are achieved only by the patient builder……Those who are called to be teachers or leaders may profit from intelligence but can only justify their position by integrity.

(Source of the quote can be reached here.)