Saturday, July 30, 2011

Road Marking #5

Dag Hammarskjöld's entry in his journal Markings for 30 July 1961 is a study of loneliness, one of the recurring themes of the collection.

The poet wakes to "the scream / That had woken me up", a scream that is witnessed by a man who is keeping watch and who is "floating / Like a drowned man / In the dark depths of the sea" but who can't solve the poet's central question:

Who the quarry,
Who the silent hunter
Over the sea of mist
Among the black trees,
Long before dawn?

(Markings, p. 177)

What is the object of loneliness? Who is in a position to identify one's loneliness, and so possibly take it away? It seems from this poem that, in Hammarskjöld's conception, the subject and object of loneliness are to some extent inseparable. The scream in the night comes from without, but can only be figured as the hunter and the hunted that both exist within.


(This post is part of a series of "markings" made in the lead-up to a trip I am making to Zambia in September to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Dag Hammarskjöld death in a plane crash in Ndola in 1961. Other posts in the series can be found here.)

Friday, July 22, 2011

Road Marking #4

"So let us here resolve that Dag Hammarskjold did not live, or die, in vain."

This, the request made by John F. Kennedy to the UN General Assembly on 25 September 1961, a week after the news had come in that the Secretary-General was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia, what is now northern Zambia. Kennedy urged the Assembly to rally, for in the UN lay "the only true alternative to war". He continued,

This will require new strength and new roles for the United Nations. For disarmament without checks is but a shadow - and a community without law is but a shell. Already the United Nations has become both the measure and the vehicle of man's most generous impulses. Already it has provided - in the Middle East, in Asia, in Africa this year in the Congo - a means of holding man's violence within bounds.

It was Hammarskjold's personal intervention in Congo – then, with a break-away republic of Katanga threatening Congo’s independence and stability, at the very centre of Cold War tensions – that led indirectly to his death. UN forces operating in the southern Congolese province of Katanga (under Conor Cruise O’Brien) had engaged in military action against a Congolese break-away army serving General Tsombé and backed by Belgian interests. The military engagement expressed, albeit in an unwanted way, the increasingly interventionist nature of UN involvement in the area and the role of the UN more generally. It also necessitated Hammarskjold's presence on the ground – he was the man behind the UN’s new approach, and the situation in Congo had come to symbolise his style as Secretary-General. His purpose now was to arrange a ceasefire between UN troops and Tsombé, and he was on his way to Katanga when, a few minutes before his scheduled landing in Ndola, the UN plane clipped the tree canopy and crashed.

The events that night came at the end of what was already a long history of conflict in the Congo, a history that of course continues unabated fifty years later (the UN is still heavily involved). Here is a timeline of some of the most significant events in the area in the lead-up to Hammarskjold's decision to go to Congo in mid-September 1961.

30 June 1960: The independent Republic of Congo is declared.

11 July 1960: Katanga, a region in the southeast of Congo, declares itself an independent state.

Dec 1960: The Prime Minister of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, is captured and held prisoner in Katanga.

13 February 1961: The Katanga Minister of the Interior announces the death of President Lumumba.

14 February: The Soviet Union calls for the resignation of Dag Hammarskjold as Secretary-General.

21 February: The UN Security Council
authorises the use of force in Congo as a last resort to prevent civil war. Hammarskjold sees the role of the UN in Congo as encouraging national reconciliation and eliminating foreign interference in Katanga.

April: The UN Operation in Congo intervenes to control the area between Kabalo and Albertville. Hammarskjold appoints Conor Cruise O’Brien, a member of the Irish Foreign Service and later editor of the London Observer, as the UN representative in Katanga. As Brian Urquhart later wrote, “Hammarskjold did not know O’Brien but had read and liked his Maria Cross, a series of essays on a group of French and English Catholic writers.” (Urquhart, Hammarskjold, Bodley Head, 1972, p.549 - this is my source for much of the information in this timeline)

12 May: President Kasa-Vubu of Congo announces the intention to reconvene Parliament.

30 May: Hammarskjold delivers a lecture at Oxford University - "The International Civil Servant in Law and Fact". This is his last major public address, and is read as a defence of his personal integrity and neutrality in the office of Secretary-General (in particular against attacks on him by the Soviet Union).

June: O'Brien takes up his post as the UN representative in Katanga, arriving on 14 June. O’Brien attempts to rid the area of its large number of European mercenaries.

July: Congo Parliament reopens. A new government in Belgium signals a possible weakening of Belgian antipathy towards the UN. Hammarskjold is asked by staff in Congo whether they may attempt a military takeover of Katanga. He refuses. However, he does permit O’Brien to adopt “more stringent methods” (Urquhart, p. 552) – arrests and expulsions.

August: A government is formed by Prime Minister Adoula, which the UN recognises and which paves the way for the UN to demand the expulsion of the foreign elements within Congo that are disrupting its progress towards being an independent democracy, and for a possible downscaling of the UN presence in Congo.

16 August: Hammarskjold is informed by the Congolese government that action is needed on Katanga in order to maintain stability and unity in the new Cabinet. Hammarskjold has indicated he is prepared to go to Congo if needed. He gives “instructions that all possible efforts short of the use of military force must be made to remove European officers from the mobile units in North Katanga.” (Urquhart, p. 554) He also strengthens the UN military presence in Katanga.

O’Brien, who has been attempting to get Tsombe into talks with Adoula, is quoted in the international press as saying he will undertake military action against the Katangese breakaway forces.

28 August: O’Brien succeeds in arresting  81 foreign officers.

September: Hammarskjold becomes more concerned about the position of UN people in Katanga, and the need for decisions to be made with his authorization. With tensions between O’Brien and Katangese military officers rising, it is increasingly likely that matters will play out on their own terms. It also becomes clear that Hammarskjold needs to visit Leopoldville and possibly also Katanga in order to diffuse the hostilities.

10 September: O’Brien’s assistant, Tombelaine, is arrested and then released. Hammarskjold prepares to leave for the Congo, telling “Mongi Slim that this would be his last personal effort to solve the Katanga problem and that if he failed he would be unable to remain as Secretary-General and had decided to resign.” (Urquhart, p. 565)

*

I will pick up this timeline in a later post. But first a link to my previous one, which was on the topic of the relation between contemplation and action. In one of his last letters, to the Swedish lyrical poet J. Erik Lindegren, Hammarskjold wrote this on what he thought was an illusory idea of "poetry in action":

We all remain free to form our personal life in accordance with standards which otherwise may find expression in poetry. But obligation to action, especially in the political field, is more of a danger than of a privilege. (Qtd in Urquhart, p. 544)

I doubt that he was concerned about the danger to himself. But on the eve of his flight to Congo he must have been very aware of the acute hazards involved in his participation: it seemed that every action now brought only more danger for those involved. In many ways, the challenge lay in convincing people to stop acting.

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

Road Marking #3

Dag Hammarskjöld's Markings witnesses a spiritual and contemplative journey that the author began long before and then in tandem with his travels from Stockholm to New York to become UN Secretary-General, and subsequently throughout a world in conflict as a very visible "man of peace", as he is sometimes figured.

It is clear from Markings that Hammarskjöld did not separate his commitment to God from his commitment to humanity, and so it's no wonder that he died with copies of both the UN Charter and the New Testament in his hand luggage. Hammarskjöld's twin perspective - public/interventionist and spiritual/contemplative - is one of the reasons he so fascinates me. I am very interested in the relation between contemplation and action: how we come to occupy these realms at different moments in our lives, and how we move between them.

It is a relation that can also be understood as a dialogue between strength and humility. Hammarskjöld himself once touched on this through his understanding of the different qualities his parents had given him:

From generations of soldiers and government officials on my father's side I inherited a belief that no life was more satisfactory than one of selfless service to your country - or humanity. This service required a sacrifice of all personal interests, but likewise the courage to stand up unflinchingly for your convictions. From scholars and clergymen on my mother's side, I inherited a belief that, in the very radical sense of the Gospels, all men were equals as children of God, and should be met and treated by us as our masters in God. 

A marking in the road: fifty years ago exactly, on 19 July 1961, Hammarskjöld wrote a prayer/poem that included these lines:

Have mercy
Upon our efforts,
That we
Before Thee
In love and in faith,
Righteousness and humility,
May follow Thee,
With self-denial, steadfastness and courage,
And meet Thee
In the silence.


Out of the steadfastness of living comes the possibility of silence, action in fact leading the way to a certain kind of inner clarity. But the spirit and the wordly self have to understand one another, they have to meet.

Thursday, July 14, 2011

Road Marking #2

"All real living is meeting."
                        - Martin Buber, I and Thou (1923)


Hammarskjöld was translating Buber's Ich und Du, a German philosophical work about relationships, in the weeks before his death. He had his translation with him, as well as an English edition of the work, during his final flight to Ndola.

I expect the English version was the 1957 Ronald Gregor Smith translation (reprinted by Continuum, 2004) that I bought this morning, and which I read over a coffee in one of the new cafes in King George Square. And although I am only just now beginning my first reading of this work, I can't help but underline the quoted sentence above as a kind of topic sentence for my coming trip to Ndola: we travel in order to meet, and in this sense travel often brings us closer to real living:

All real travel is meeting.

Wednesday, July 6, 2011

Road Marking #1

In September I'm making a trip to Ndola in Zambia. My visit is timed to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of Dag Hammarskjold's death in a plane crash there - or just 10km outside Ndola. I'm doing some research on the life of Hammarskjold for a book, and of course I'd like to see where he died. And, for a reason not entirely clear to myself, I'd like to visit the site on the anniversary of the crash.

In the weeks leading up to that journey, I will post some road markers on this blog, or mementos from the final weeks of his life. The first comes from his July 6, 1961 entry in Markings, his journal of reflections that was published in Swedish as Vagmarken, or Road Markers, in 1963, and later translated into English by the poet W H Auden, like Hammarskjold a hero of mine.

Here is a part of the poem that Hammarskjold wrote fifty years ago today:

Tired
And lonely,
So tired
The heart aches.
Meltwater trickles
Down the rocks
The fingers are numb,
The knees tremble.
It is now,
Now, that you must not give in.


On the path of others
Are resting places,
Places in the sun
Where they can meet.
But this
Is your path,
And it is now,
Now, that you must not fail.

(Markings, p. 175)

I suppose I am hoping to "meet" Hammarskjold in Ndola, or at least meet something that he left there. Unlike him, I am not an accomplished mountain walker, but I think I understand the metaphor in verse one about climbing, or holding on when the knees tremble. I'm sure we all do. And I very much like the idea of encountering other walkers' resting places, even if it is only for a moment, before you eventually have to make the track your own.

Monday, July 4, 2011

Letter from Crete, by Kristina Olsson

The man in the hotel in Chania, the old port city of Crete, is telling me about old olive trees. I’ve heard a rumour that the oldest in the world is up the road, in a village called Kolymbari, where it rests its ancient roots - 2,000 or 4,000 years old, it depends who’s talking - and still produces olives. Yes, yes, says the man, and shrugs, and pushes out his bottom lip in the Greek way. It is very old, but there are many old trees. And then tells me the story of one that grows in a rocky field owned by the local banker.

People go to this banker for loans of money, and when they do, he dispatches his assistant to the olive tree that grows from rocks. If there are olives on that tree, the man says, they get their money. Meaning, if that tree is bearing, so will every olive tree in Greece. It will be a good year, both for olives and for loan repayments.

I wonder briefly if the Greek government has ever sought the advice of the Chania tree – or perhaps the services of its owner in these dark economic days. The week before, in Athens, we’d watched nervously as the mood on the streets grew angrier. Police and protesters began to organize around the central squares between our hotel and the Acropolis. The air was humid with anticipation. Everyone we spoke to seemed filled with a quiet fury, at the government, at themselves. All that money that disappeared. The shopkeeper shook her head. We didn’t even notice. But a Greek Australian on the bus saw it differently. No one paid tax for so long in this country. He raised black-grey eyebrows. That probably makes it easier to overlook what the government does.

We were due to fly out to the island of Kythera on the day before the general strike and marches, though in truth, we would have liked to stay, in solidarity with the beleaguered Greek people. But we’d already been robbed once on the subway, and besides, my sister had some solidarity of her own to cement on Aphrodite’s island. She’d already waited 62 years to do it, and even a revolution wasn’t going to stop her now.

She’s come to Greece looking for biology, for family, for blood. Not for love - even though this is the goddess’s island - or not love exactly. Perhaps the traces of it: resemblances, resonance, the mirror of eyes like hers. A part of her DNA is on Kythera; she wants to gauge how much. She wants to know if habit and disposition can leach from rock and sea, if geography can shape a person more surely than skin.

And I wanted to be with her as she searched, hoping for the last piece of a long family story I’ve been writing to fall into place.

*

Though I didn’t know it until we were teenagers, she and I have different fathers. The Swedish man we both called Dad met our mother when Sharon was four. She remembers picnics with Mum and Dad in grassy fields outside Brisbane, and a feeling of being included, being wanted. Her biological father, Minas, or Michael, one of thousands of men who had left Kythera for Australia in the first half of the 20th century, had never acknowledged her existence, though he’d been married to our mother for eighteen months when Sharon was born.

But it’s not Minas she’s looking for here, not in flesh and blood. He died fifteen years ago in Sydney, still refusing to claim her. And besides, she has her father, he’s right here in Brisbane, she’s always said that. What she’s looking for is the Greekness that might have passed to her, survived in her, to work out who she really is. Why is she the only one amongst us who loves to fish, who loves backgammon? She’s hoping Minas’ family on Kythera can tell her, if she can find them. If she can convince them she is his.

On the island we stay in a traditional house in a traditional village propped on the side of a hill. Like many others, the village is only half-alive; many of its inhabitants live elsewhere now – Australia, America, Canada – and have for a long time. Along the twisting lanes, stone walls crumble away and arches and doorways are held together with bougainvillea vine, the remnants of abandoned lives visible through gaps and missing roofs. The houses peter out to groves of olives and oranges, to wide fields empty of everything but gorse and broom, wild figs and aniseed.

Kythera is the least developed of the islands that stud the seas around Greece. It is no Santorini, no Mykenos, with their pulsating nightlife and slick marinas. When Minas left here in 1939, many of its people were still peasants with a subsistence lifestyle, growing olives and herbs and fruit. Kythera’s chance to bloom shrank with the rolling waves of migration. But the men’s departure – many of them to Brisbane – was their only hope. They got jobs there, earned money to send back, sponsored uncles and nephews to come. But the mass leaving stilled the island’s heart.

On our first night we sit on our rooftop terrace at sunset and listen to an errant rooster crow the end of the day, rather than the beginning. But we drink to Sharon’s own brave start: next day we’ll set off to find people with a name she owns but was never given.

*

In a kafeneon in the high clifftop village of Mitata, an old man named Michaelis serves us strong Greek coffee and cheese and complains that no one in Greece wants to work. That’s the trouble, he says. He listens to Sharon’s story, the names, Minas Preneas, Yiannis Preneas, Adoni, Panayotis. Then: yes, this is the village of your family. But not any longer. He takes us up the road to the local priest, who goes through names and connections and directs us away to another village, Agia Pelagia, and a seaside taverna where the owner may know some more. The owner may, in fact, be her first cousin.

We take the nerve-racking drive along twisting roads barely wider than our waists. In truth they are old donkey trails smeared with asphalt, clinging to hills over vertiginous drops. The view reinforces a kind of Grecian paradox: this is an island of shocking beauty, with its beaches and cliffs and whitewashed houses, but its dry fields look hungry, hard-bitten, and a melancholy attends its scattered villages and its ruins. As I drive I think back to Athens, the forces of history held in the raised fist of the Acropolis, and anguish in the faces marching below it.

*

The tables of the taverna at Agia Pelagia shuffle into the sand of a picture postcard beach. The water is an astonishing blue. We ask the waiter for old Yiannis. He looks confused. Yiannis is dead, he says. A long time. It’s his son now. Adonis.

Adonis, yes. Sharon and I exchange glances. She says, if he’s the right Adonis, he’s my cousin. If he has an uncle, Minas, who went to Australia. She takes a breath. I’m Minas’ daughter. It’s the first time she’s said it.

The waiter is nonplussed. At any rate, Adonis is away tonight, in Piraeus, and his wife Marina is out. Sharon tells the man we’ll wait. We choose a table in the sand and order tzatsiki and lamb.

Twice in the next two hours, the waiter returns to us. Marina is coming, he says the first time, but she’s running late. He shrugs and turns back to his tables. We eat nervously, watching the sea darken, and feeling our early wash of optimism drain away with the tide. But perhaps the waiter senses our uncertainty, because he comes back and says in a different voice, Marina is coming. Please don’t leave.

And there she is, shortly after, a fair-haired, fifty-something woman with eyes that crinkle when she smiles. She walks towards us. My sister stands, takes several steps. I am Sharon, she says. Marina’s lifts her arms towards her and says, I am Marina. Your cousin.


Over the next few days people gather at the taverna. They’re shy at first, gently probing, trying to understand how and where this woman fits, how a part of their precious, scattered family could exist for sixty years without their knowledge. Could be lost to them. I watch as comprehension builds and connections are made, and the conversations become more clamorous. The tears and laughter as family trees are sketched, photographs handed around, phone calls made. My sister smiles shyly in the middle of it all, explaining, nodding. Showing off photos of her beautiful granddaughter. She looks like a Greek girl! the women shriek.

One afternoon, I leave them to it and wander down the esplanade, look at the souvenir cups and teatowels and fridge magnets that hardly vary from shop to shop. It’s quiet, even for June. It won’t be a good summer for Kythera, a storekeeper says. He’s been watching a television screen behind his back counter – there’s not much else to do – but Greeks everywhere are watching and listening now. They can’t help it: their capital is boiling over, fury and betrayal distort faces and speech, and they’re remembering last year’s terrible violence when death stalked the protests.

In the next shop two women pause to watch the breaking news, shuddering as tear gas clouds the screens and batons are raised. They tell me stories of life in modern Greece: hospital patients supplying their own sheets and dressings, sons unemployed for years, people bartering the extra tomatoes from their gardens for oranges, for bread. But things are worse in Athens, they say. Here at least we can grow our food.

*

On the day we leave the air is full of promises made and a gentle rage that Sharon is leaving, just now when they’ve found her. It’s only been three days. She clutches addresses, photographs of a grandmother she never knew, gifts. The women touch their palms to her cheeks. Old Irini says in Greek, don’t be lost again. The other women repeat it through their tears.

Three days. Time enough to be lost and found, exiled and reclaimed. We watch their faces, so fierce and tender, until they’re out of sight. Don’t be lost again. As we drive through the empty fields we know they’re talking not just about Sharon but about Greece, their Greece, because they too are lost, Greece is lost, sold off, bereft. They don’t know if and when it will ever be theirs again.


Kristina Olsson is a journalist, writer and teacher. Her most recent book The China Garden won the 2010 Barbara Jefferis Award and was shortlisted for the Nikita B. Kibble Award.